Plasticity or neuronal plasticity is a unique and adaptive feature of nervous system which
allows neurons to reorganize their interactions in response to an intrinsic or extrinsic …

The transition from wakefulness to sleep is marked by pronounced changes in brain activity.
The brain rhythms that characterize the two main types of mammalian sleep, slow‐wave …

The underlying mechanism of the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still
unclear. Here we investigated whether repeated electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an …

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) induces cognitive impairments such as memory deficit.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered as the most critical neurotrophin in …

Emotions are complex reactions that allow individuals to cope with significant positive and
negative events. Research on emotion was pioneered by Darwin's work on emotional …

Behaviour of a mammal relies on the brain's excitatory circuits equipped with glutamatergic
synapses. In most cases, glutamate escaping from the synaptic cleft is rapidly buffered and …

Excitatory synapses in the CNS are formed on both dendritic spines and shafts. Recent
studies show that the density of shaft synapses may be independently regulated by …

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play an essential role in some forms of synaptic plasticity,
learning, and memory. Therefore, these receptors are highly regulated with respect to their …

Although the hippocampus is one of the most-studied brain regions in mammals, research
on the avian hippocampus has been more limited in scope. It is generally agreed that the …

The human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) glyco-epitope possesses a unique structural feature, a
sulfated glucuronic acid attached to lactosamine on the non-reducing termini of glycans. The …