Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

The formalin test for nociception, which is predominantly used with rats and mice, involves
moderate, continuous pain generated by injured tissue. In this way it differs from most …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

Peripheral tissue damage or nerve injury often leads to pathological pain processes, such
as spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, that persist for years or decades after all …

Despite the fact that many research articles have been written about stress and stress-
related diseases, no scientifically accepted definition of stress exists. Selye introduced and …

This article reviews findings up to the end of 1997 about the inducible transcription factors
(ITFs) c-Jun, JunB, JunD, c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2, Krox-20 (Egr-2) and Krox-24 (NGFI-A …

Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX®) has been used to treat pathological pain conditions
although the mechanism is not entirely understood. Subcutaneous (sc) BOTOX® also …

Abstract c-Fos, the protein of the protooncogene c-fos, has been extensively used as a
marker for the activation of nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord for more than twenty years …

Peripheral cannabinoid receptors exert a powerful inhibitory control over pain initiation, but
the endocannabinoid signal that normally engages this intrinsic analgesic mechanism is …

Just over a decade has past since Hunt et al.[31]. reported that the gene c-fos and its protein
product Fos are expressed in the spinal cord of rats subjected to peripheral noxious …