About 15% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) have family history and 5–10% have a
monogenic form of the disease with Mendelian inheritance. To date, at least 23 loci and 19 …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

The mitochondrial transcription factor A, or TFAM, is a mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA)‐binding
protein essential for genome maintenance. TFAM functions in determining the abundance of …

Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by
behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial …

Research in Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics has been extremely prolific over the past
decade. More than 13 loci and 9 genes have been identified, but their implication in PD is …

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles which fulfill a plethora of functions. In addition to
their prominent role in energy metabolism, mitochondria are intimately involved in various …

Neuronal survival critically depends on the integrity and functionality of mitochondria. A
hierarchical system of cellular surveillance mechanisms protects mitochondria against …

The mitochondrion is an essential organelle important for the generation of ATP for cellular
function. This is especially critical for cells with high energy demands, such as neurons for …

Parkinson disease (PD) is known as a common progressive neurodegenerative disease
which is clinically diagnosed by the manifestation of numerous motor and nonmotor …

Nicotinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3 (niacin), is changed to its mononucleotide
compound with the enzyme nicotinic acide/nicotinamide adenylyl-transferase, and …