Vitamin D, synthesized in the skin or absorbed from the diet, undergoes multi-step enzymatic
conversion to its active form, 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1, 25 (OH) 2 D], followed by …

Despite its rigid structure, the bone is a dynamic organ, and is highly regulated by endocrine
factors. One of the major bone regulatory hormones is vitamin D. Its renal metabolite 1α, 25 …

Background Impaired fracture healing represents an ongoing clinical challenge, as
treatment options remain limited. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide …

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is strongly influenced by endocrine factors to restore the
balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Bone formation involves the …

Because of heavy energy demands to maintain bone homeostasis, the skeletal system is
closely tied to whole-body metabolism via neuronal and hormonal mediators. Glucose …

Between 5 and 10 percent of fractures do not heal, a condition known as nonunion. In
clinical practice, stable fracture fixation associated with autologous iliac crest bone graft …

Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have elevated circulating calcium (Ca) and
phosphate (Pi), and exhibit accelerated progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) …

Aberrant lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in marrow contributes to
abnormal bone formation due to reduced osteogenic and increased adipogenic potency …

The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of physiological
skeletal mineralization, and involves the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in arteries …

Bone has the rare capability of scarless regeneration that enables the complete restoration
of the injured bone area. In recent decades, promising new technologies have emerged …