The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as
secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are …

Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the
most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance …

Plant‐pathogenic fungi secrete effector proteins to facilitate infection. We describe extensive
improvements to EffectorP, the first machine learning classifier for fungal effector prediction …

Chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis and for plant immunity against microbial
pathogens. Here we identify a haustorium-specific protein (Pst_12806) from the wheat stripe …

Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary
metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and …

The complicated interplay of plant–pathogen interactions occurs on multiple levels as
pathogens evolve to constantly evade the immune responses of their hosts. Many …

Plants are resistant to most microbial species due to nonhost resistance (NHR), providing
broad-spectrum and durable immunity. However, the molecular components contributing to …

The growth–defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the
allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by …

Contents Summary 62 I. Introduction 62 II. Plasmodesmal regulation is an innate defence
response 63 III. Reactive oxygen species regulate plasmodesmal function 63 IV …

Fungal and oomycete pathogens secrete complex arrays of proteins and small RNAs to
interface with plant-host targets and manipulate plant regulatory networks to the microbes' …