Amphibian skin is directly exposed to different environments. Amphibians interact with
environmental factors including microorganisms, parasites, predators, and physical factors …

Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Granular glands in the skins of frogs of the genus Rana, a widely distributed group with over
250 species, synthesize and secrete a remarkably diverse array of peptides with …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced for defense in nearly all taxa from simple
bacteria to complex mammalian species. Some amphibian families have developed this …

The substitution rates of transitions are higher than expected by chance relative to those of
transversions. Many have argued that selection disfavors transversions, as nonsynonymous …

Amphibian species have experienced population declines and extinctions worldwide that
are unprecedented in recent history. Many of these recent declines have been linked to a …

The dermal glands of frogs produce antimicrobial peptides that protect the skin against
noxious microorganisms and assist in wound repair. The sequences of these peptides are …

Three potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (HFIAP-1,-2, and-3) isolated from
intestinal tissues of Myxine glutinosa (Atlantic hagfish) are identified as ancient members of …

Peptidomics and genomics analyses were used to study an anti-infection array of peptides
of amphibian skin. 372 cDNA sequences of antimicrobial peptides were characterized from …

More than a thousand antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported in the last decades
arising from the skin secretion of amphibian species. Generally, each frog species can …