This article reviews the second language research on age-related differences, as well as
first language work needed to disambiguate some of the findings. Five conclusions are …

This literature review on teachers' beliefs about English language learners (ELLs) in
mainstream classrooms is organized into three sections:(a) inservice teachers' existing …

Over the past 40 years, Jim Cummins has proposed a number of highly influential theoretical
concepts, including the threshold and interdependence hypotheses and the distinction …

Second Language Learning and Language Teaching provides an introduction to the
application of second language acquisition research to language teaching. Assuming no …

As linguistic diversity increases in countries around the world, policy-makers and educators
are faced with complex and conflictual issues regarding appropriate ways of educating a …

Understanding how people learn and fail to learn second and foreign languages is
increasingly recognised as a critical social and psycholinguistic issue. Second languages …

The lingua franca role of English, coupled with its status as the official language of ASEAN,
has important implications for language policy and language education. These include the …

Syllabus Design demonstrates, in a practical way, the principles involved in planning and
designing an effective syllabus. It examines important concepts such as needs analysis …

The distinction between basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS) and cognitive
academic language proficiency (CALP) was introduced by Cummins (1979, 1981a) in order …

Our research from 1985 to 2001 has focused on analyzing the great variety of education
services provided for language minority (LM) students in US public schools and the resulting …