Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are crucial for proper brain
development and function. Three major classes of glia in the central nervous system (CNS) …

Low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound (LILFU) is the next-generation, non-invasive brain
stimulation technology for treating various neurological and psychiatric disorders. However …

Mutations in the gene BEST1 are causally associated with as many as five clinically distinct
retinal degenerative diseases, which are collectively referred to as the “bestrophinopathies” …

Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which
do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of …

Initial biophysical studies on glial cells nearly 50 years ago identified these cells as being
electrically silent. These first studies also demonstrated a large K+ conductance, which led …

For a long time, neurons held the position of central players in the nervous system. Since
there are far more astrocytes than neurons in the brain, it makes us wonder if these cells just …

Astrocytes are now viewed as key elements of brain wiring as well as neuronal
communication. Indeed, they not only bridge the gap between metabolic supplies by blood …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating processes such as
cellular homeostasis, responses to stimuli, and cell signaling. Accordingly, GPCRs have …