Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many
pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and …

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are alternative, non-combustible tobacco products that
generate an inhalable aerosol containing nicotine, flavors, propylene glycol, and vegetable …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that arises due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which encodes for a protein responsible for …

Rationale: Proteolysis is a key aspect of the lung's innate immune system. Proteases,
including neutrophil elastase and MMPs (matrix metalloproteases), modulate cell signaling …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays key roles during lung development and
many lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of death and morbidity
worldwide, is characterized by expiratory airflow limitation that is not fully reversible …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process when epithelial cells gradually
transform into mesenchymal-like cells losing their epithelial functionality and characteristics …

Background Cigarette smoking contributes to lung remodelling in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). As part of remodelling, peribronchiolar fibrosis is observed in …

The primary function of the bronchial epithelium is to act as a defensive barrier aiding the
maintenance of normal airway function. Bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) form the interface …