The production of a plasma by a pulsed laser beam in solids, liquids or gas is often
associated with the generation of a strong shock wave, which can be studied and interpreted …

The current era is notably characterized by the major advances in communication
technologies. The increased connectivity has been transformative in terrestrial, space, and …

Improving the stability of underwater LIBS is a key point for its practical use in oceanic
applications. The traditional normalization method of using the internal standard element is …

The influences of laser focusing geometry on laser-induced plasma and laser-induced
breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in bulk water are investigated by using fast imaging and …

Characteristics of laser-induced plasma depends strongly on its ambient pressure, and a
deeper understanding of the high pressure impact on the underwater plasma emission is …

The knowledge of early laser-induced plasma and cavitation bubble dynamics are of great
importance for a better understanding of underwater laser-induced breakdown …

Laser-induced plasma in water always suffers from strong pulse-to-pulse fluctuations due to
the multiple breakdown phenomenon, leading to a poor stability of underwater LIBS signals …

Recently, molecular emissions from the laser-induced plasma in ambient gas have gained
increasing interest; however, very little is known about the case in water solutions. In this …

In recent years, the investigation and exploitation of hydrothermal region and polymetallic
mineral areas has become a hot topic. The emergence of underwater vehicle platforms has …

Multiple breakdowns in liquids still remains obscure for its complex, non-equilibrium and
transient dynamic process. We introduced three methods, namely, plasma imaging, light …