Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (Uaas) in living cells relies on
engineered aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase–tRNA pairs borrowed from a distant domain …

Over the past two decades, genetic code expansion (GCE)-enabled methods for
incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins have significantly advanced …

Genetic code expansion technologies supplement the natural codon repertoire with
assignable variants in vivo, but are often limited by heterologous translational components …

We recently described an orthogonal initiator tRNA (i tRNATy2) that can initiate protein
synthesis with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) in response to the UAG nonsense codon …

Heterologous tRNAs used for noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) mutagenesis in mammalian
cells typically show poor activity. We recently introduced a virus‐assisted directed evolution …

Ribosomes are remarkable in their malleability to accept diverse aminoacyl-tRNA substrates
from both the same organism and other organisms or domains of life. This is a critical feature …

While genome recoding using quadruplet codons to incorporate non-proteinogenic amino
acids is attractive for biotechnology and bioengineering purposes, the mechanism through …

Transfer RNAs have been extensively explored as the molecules that translate the genetic
code into proteins. At this interface of genetics and biochemistry, tRNAs direct the efficiency …