Tissue/organ shortage is a major medical challenge due to donor scarcity and patient
immune rejections. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict or mimic the human disease condition …

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has significant biological activity, degradability, and osteoconductivity.
In recent decades, it has been widely used in dentistry, anti-tumour drug carriers, and …

Bone defect caused by trauma, tumor, infection, and other reasons is a thorny problem that
needs to be solved in orthopedic clinic. Customized bone repair biomaterials and their …

Bioinks are formulations of biomaterials and living cells, sometimes with growth factors or
other biomolecules, while extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technique to apply or deposit …

Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

Bone tissue engineering commonly encompasses the use of three-dimensional (3D)
scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the propagation of cells to regenerate …

Extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technology to apply biomaterials precisely with living
cells (referred to as bioink) layer by layer to create three-dimensional (3D) functional …

Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) is similar to human bone mineral in structure and biochemistry
and is, therefore, widely used as bone biomaterial and a drug carrier. Further, n-HAp …

In most cases, bone injuries heal without complications, however, there is an increasing
number of instances where bone healing needs major clinical intervention. Available …

Bone fracture due to internal or external factors is one of the most common diseases in
today's orthopedic society. One of the techniques to solve these problems is to use artificial …