Background For safety assessment in clinical trials, adverse events (AEs) are reported for
the drug under evaluation and compared with AEs in the placebo group. Little is known …

Abstract Background The Corona pandemic and ongoing mass vaccinations raise the
question of the nocebo mechanisms involved. Since immunization is usually administered to …

In most fields of medicine, placebo groups achieve substantial improvements, even though
the patients do not receive any treatments with active ingredients. Improvements in placebo …

The high cost of biological drugs for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
considerably impacts on health-care budgets. Since the patent of biological products …

Unlike its friendly cousin the placebo effect, the nocebo effect (the effect of expecting a
negative outcome) has been almost ignored. Epistemic and ethical confusions related to its …

Introduction Reframing side-effect information in patient information leaflets (PILs) in terms of
those who remain side-effect–free may reduce negative expectations and side-effects …

Background Risk literacy, ie, the ability to calculate and apply risk parameters, represents a
key competence for risk communication and medical decision making. However, risk literacy …

Patients and prescribers need to be aware of adverse drug events to minimize the risk of
their occurrence and the severity with which they appear. However, numerous studies show …