ATF4 is a cellular stress induced bZIP transcription factor that is a hallmark effector of the
integrated stress response. The integrated stress response is triggered by phosphorylation …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein quality control, and disruptions in its
function can lead to various diseases. ER stress triggers an adaptive response called the …

Background Alterations in metabolism are one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer cells and
targeting dysregulated cancer metabolism provides a new approach to developing more …

Background Targeting mitochondrial oncoproteins presents a new concept in the
development of effective cancer therapeutics. ATAD3A is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial …

Background Melatonin, a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland, has been reported
to exhibit antitumor properties through diverse mechanisms of action. However, the …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan and the main component of the extracellular
matrix (ECM), which has been reported to interact with its receptor CD44 to play critical roles …

Along with genetic mutations, aberrant epigenetic alterations are the initiators of head and
neck cancer carcinogenesis. Currently, several drugs are being developed to correct these …

Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have been widely used in clinical treatment of
cancer patients, but only 20–30% of patients benefit from immunotherapy. Therefore, it is …

Currently, cancer is ranked among the top ten causes of death worldwide. Despite the
advances made in the field of cancer treatment, 5-year survival rates of various types of …

Purpose Metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common
causes of cancer death worldwide. As yet, however, the molecular mechanism underlying …