Global change may substantially affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning but little is
known about its effects on essential biotic interactions. Since different environmental drivers …

Many of the diverse animals that consume floral rewards act as efficient pollinators;
however, others 'steal'rewards without 'paying'for them by pollinating. In contrast to the …

The negative impacts of herbivores on plant fitness may include both direct and indirect
effects. Direct effects on female plant fitness occur when decreased seed production is due …

Our past focus on seed production as a surrogate for total plant fitness may have created a
bias in our assessments of the effects of herbivory on plants. This bias may be especially …

METHODS To examine the effects of foliar herbivory on floral morphology and pollinator
visitation, we used wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, a self-incompatible annual that …

In a controlled environment, we artificially induced drought during flowering of Epilobium
angustifolium, an animal‐pollinated plant. Leaf water potential (ψl) and floral traits were …

Flower‐feeding insects may reduce the reproductive success of their host plant in subtle
ways that go beyond a direct reduction in gametes. Pollinators may respond to floral …

Sex-allocation trade-offs may maintain variation in secondary sexual characteristics if such
traits vary in their benefits or costs in association with different genders. In Polemonium …

In this study, I tested whether selection occurring on several morphological and floral traits in
Erysimum mediohispanicum (Cruciferae) is modified by the effects of herbivores. Six plots …

It is widely agreed that the flowers of hermaphrodite plants evolve in response to selection
acting simultaneously through male and female sexual functions, but we know very little …