The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the
incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the …

▪ Abstract The significance of type I interferons (IFN-α/β) in biology and medicine renders
research on their activities continuously relevant to our understanding of normal and …

Type 1 diabetes develops over many years and is characterized ultimately by the destruction
of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by autoreactive T cells. Nonetheless, the role of …

Interleukin (IL)-2 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of natural immunologic self-
tolerance. Neutralization of circulating IL-2 by anti–IL-2 monoclonal antibody for a limited …

The development of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interaction between pancreatic β-
cells and cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Analyses of the interactions …

Regulatory T cells (T reg cells) play a major role in controlling the pathogenic autoimmune
process in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a cytokine which promotes T reg cell …

Regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) control inflammatory reactions to commensal bacteria and
opportunist pathogens. Activation of Treg functions during these processes might be …

The most popular hypothesis circulating within and beyond the scientific community is that
viral infections enhance or elicit autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes. Indeed …

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and
constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells …

Summary 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3, the active form of vitamin D, has immunomodulatory
properties in vitro and in vivo. We report that treatment with 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (5 …