Most studies of plant–animal mutualistic networks have come from a temporally static
perspective. This approach has revealed general patterns in network structure, but limits our …

It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

All mutualistic plant–animal interactions are mediated by costs and benefits in relationships
where resources (from plants) are exchanged by services (from animals). The most common …

The structure of mutualistic networks provides insights into ecological and coevolutionary
dynamics of interacting species. However, the spatial effect has only recently been …

Interactions between ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are among the
most common mutualisms in Neotropical regions. Plants secrete extrafloral nectar, a …

Many studies assume that all ant species collecting extrafloral nectar defend plants against
herbivores, although ant–plant interactions are facultative, generalized and have variable …

Mechanisms that affect a host plant's ability to face herbivory are subjects of ongoing
interest. Plant reproductive phenology plays a key role in the dynamics of communities in …

Extrafloral nectar is the main food source offered by plants to predatory ants in most land
environments. Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of extrafloral …

Despite the importance and increasing knowledge of ecological networks, sampling effort
and intrapopulation variation has been widely overlooked. Using continuous daily sampling …

Plant-animal interactions occur in a community context of dynamic and complex ecological
interactive networks. The understanding of who interacts with whom is a basic information …