The state-of-the-art approach to regenerating different tissues and organs is tissue
engineering which includes the three parts of stem cells (SCs), scaffolds, and growth factors …

The need for bone grafts is tremendous, and that leads to the use of autograft, allograft, and
bone graft substitutes. The biology of the bone is quite complex regarding cellular …

Bone regeneration is a complex process sequentially regulated by multiple cytokines at
different stages. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and bone morphogenetic …

The field of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is rich in pathological diversity and broad in
the ages that it treats. Moreover, the CMF skeleton is a complex confluence of sensory …

Synthetic bone graft substitutes have attracted increasing attention in tissue engineering.
This study aimed to fabricate a novel, bioactive, porous scaffold that can be used as a bone …

The recovery of impaired periodontium is still a challenge to the treatment of periodontitis.
This study was the first to apply the mesoporous hydroxyapatites/chitosan (mHA/CS) …

Large size bone defects have become a growing clinical challenge. Cancellous bone, which
has the highest volume ratio, the fastest replacement rate, and interconnected porous …

Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the
Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca 18 …

Bone whitlockite (WH) exists in the collagen matrix along with hydroxyapatite (HA) and plays
a vital role during earlier stages of bone development. It is present in short-range order and …

This review will briefly examine the development of 3D‐printed scaffolds for craniofacial
bone regeneration. We will, in particular, highlight our work using Poly (L‐lactic acid)(PLLA) …