Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the
discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G …

Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk.
Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the
world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide hormone, exerts …

Background: Elabela/toddler (ELA) is a critical cardiac developmental peptide that acts
through the G-protein–coupled apelin receptor, despite lack of sequence similarity to the …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is
independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment for CKD is …

It is well known that adipokines are endocrine factors that are mainly secreted by white
adipose tissue. Their central role in energy metabolism is currently accepted. More recently …

Apelin peptides mediate beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and are being
targeted as potential new drugs. However, apelin peptides have extremely short biological …

Apelin is a peptide known as the ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Several
active apelin forms exist such as apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13, and the pyroglutamated …

The apelin receptor (AR or APJ) is a class A (rhodopsin-like) G-protein-coupled receptor
with wide distribution throughout the human body. Activation of the AR by its cognate …