Perineal trauma after vaginal birth is common, with approximately 9 of 10 women being
affected. Second-degree perineal tears are twice as likely to occur in primiparous births, with …

Background: The female perineum is the diamond-shaped inferior outlet of the pelvis. This
structure is at risk of trauma during labour because of spontaneous perineal tears of varying …

Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES APC) data are collected on all
admissions to National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England. HES APC also covers …

Operators should be aware that there is a higher risk of subgaleal haemorrhage and scalp
trauma with vacuum extraction compared with forceps at preterm gestational ages. Vacuum …

Introduction Rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies are indicators of obstetrical
quality of care, but their use for international comparisons is complicated by difficulties with …

Background Severe perineal trauma (SPT) affecting the anal sphincter muscle complex is a
serious complication following childbirth, associated with short-term and long-term maternal …

This is Part 2 of 5 in the series of evidence statements from the IOC expert committee on
exercise and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes. Part 1 focused on the effects of …

Objective To evaluate the impact of a care bundle (antenatal information to women, manual
perineal protection and mediolateral episiotomy when indicated) on obstetric anal sphincter …

The risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) is increased in vacuum-assisted delivery.
However, it remains unclear whether episiotomy may protect against OASIS in this type of …

Introduction and hypothesis Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) are associated with an
increased risk of faecal incontinence after vaginal delivery. The aim of this retrospective …