Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that leads to disability and affects
more than 500 million population worldwide. OA was believed to be caused by the wearing …

Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic
structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In …

Clinical translation of cell‐based products is hampered by their limited predictive in vivo
performance. To overcome this hurdle, engineering strategies advocate to fabricate tissue …

Background Bones have a remarkable capacity to heal upon fracture. Yet, in large defects or
compromised conditions healing processes become impaired, resulting in delayed or non …

Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to respond to the unmet medical need of
treating deep osteochondral defects. However, current tissue engineering strategies …

Degeneration of articular cartilage (AC) tissue is the most common cause of osteoarthritis
(OA) and rheumatoid arthritis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in …

For cartilage tissue engineering, several in vitro culture methodologies have displayed
potential for the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) …

Many traditional procedures, including surgical methods such as microfracture of
subchondral bone and soft tissue transplantation, have been widely used to treat damaged …

Multicellular spheroids such as microtissues and organoids have demonstrated great
potential for tissue engineering applications in recent years as these 3D cellular units …

While cartilage tissue engineering has significantly improved the speed and quality of
cartilage regeneration, the underlying metabolic mechanisms are complex, making research …