A number of algorithms in the field of artificial intelligence offer poorly interpretable
decisions. To disclose the reasoning behind such algorithms, their output can be explained …

Causal knowledge plays a crucial role in human thought, but the nature of causal
representation and inference remains a puzzle. Can human causal inference be captured by …

Welcome to the second issue of IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems
(TCSS) of 2024. This issue showcases an impressive array of 104 regular papers alongside …

Everything that happens has a multitude of causes, but people make causal judgments
effortlessly. How do people select one particular cause (eg, the lightning bolt that set the …

How do people make causal judgements? In this paper, I show that counterfactual
simulations are necessary for explaining causal judgements about events, and that …

Modal discourse concerns alternative ways things can be, eg, what might be true, what isn't
true but could have been, what should be done. This entry focuses on counterfactual …

Despite its small stature," if" occupies a central place both in everyday language and the
philosophical lexicon. In allowing us to talk about hypothetical situations," if" raises a host of …

The theory of mental models postulates that conditionals and disjunctions refer to
possibilities, real or counterfactual. Factual conditionals, for example,“If there's an apple …

Counterfactual reasoning is a hallmark of human thought, enabling the capacity to shift from
perceiving the immediate environment to an alternative, imagined perspective. Mental …

Counterfactual reasoning—envisioning hypothetical scenarios, or possible worlds, where
some circumstances are different from what (f) actually occurred (counter-to-fact)—is …