Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling
molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol …

Rationale Alcoholism is a primary, chronic relapsing disease of brain reward, motivation,
memory, and related circuitry. It is characterized by an individual's continued drinking …

Toll-like receptors play an important role in the innate immune response, although emerging
evidence indicates their role in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Alcohol abuse induces …

Studies over the last decade demonstrate that adolescence is a brain maturation period from
childhood to adulthood. Plastic and dynamic processes drive adolescent brain development …

Essential fatty acids (EFAs): cis-linoleic acid (LA) and-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential for
humans and their deficiency is rare in humans due to their easy availability in diet. EFAs are …

Microglial cells are the primary immune effector cells in the brain and play a pivotal role in
the neuroinflammatory processes associated with a variety of neurological and pathological …

The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) participates in both
synaptic plasticity and neural damage. Emerging evidence from human and animal studies …

The brain is one of the major target organs of alcohol actions. Alcohol abuse can lead to
alterations in brain structure and functions and, in some cases, to neurodegeneration …

Induction of neuroimmune genes by binge drinking increases neuronal excitability and
oxidative stress, contributing to the neurobiology of alcohol dependence and causing …

Excessive alcohol intake, a defining characteristic of an alcohol use disorder (AUD), results
in neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex that has been linked to a …