The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019
prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection-and vaccine …

Most individuals infected with or vaccinated against COVID-19 develop antigenic
neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein …

Introduction While it is established that vaccination reduces risk of hospitalization, there is
conflicting data on whether it improves outcome among hospitalized COVID-19 patients …

Objectives It is crucial to analyze the consequences of repeated messenger RNA (mRNA)-
based COVID-19 vaccinations on SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) …

The mRNA-LNP vaccine has received much attention during the COVID-19 pandemic since
it served as the basis of the most widely used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Western countries …

(1) Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected
the population worldwide, with varying responses implemented to control its spread. This …

Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 has been studied, predominantly the classical IgG and
its subclasses. Although IgE antibodies are typically specific to allergens or parasites, a few …

Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been
highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting …

Due to the health emergency created by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19
disease, the rapid implementation of a new vaccine technology was necessary. mRNA …

Background Repeated mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to induce
class switching to IgG4, a non-inflammatory human antibody subclass linked to tolerance …