Bottom-up effects are major ecological forces in crop–arthropod pest–natural enemy
multitrophic interactions. Over the past two decades, bottom-up effects have been …

Interactions between plants and insect herbivores are important determinants of plant
productivity in managed and natural vegetation. In response to attack, plants have evolved a …

Primary consumers are under strong selection from resource ('bottom‐up') and consumer
('top‐down') controls, but the relative importance of these selective forces is unknown. We …

Increased frequency and severity of drought, as a result of climate change, is expected to
drive critical changes in plant–insect interactions that may elevate rates of tree mortality. The …

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

Severe droughts have been associated with regional‐scale forest mortality worldwide.
Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional mortality events; however, prediction …

Crop domestication is the process of artificially selecting plants to increase their suitability to
human requirements: taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices. There is increasing …

The tolerance of plants to herbivory reflects the degree to which a plant can regrow and
reproduce after damage from herbivores. Autoecological factors, as well as the influence of …

ABSTRACT Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon: Nutrient Balance
(CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth-Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually …

Traditionally, herbivorous insects are thought to exhibit enhanced performance and
outbreak dynamics on water‐stressed host plants due to induced changes in plant …