The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Although chitin is of the most available biopolymers on Earth its uses and applications are
limited due to its low solubility. The deacetylation of chitin leads to chitosan. This biopolymer …

Abstract 3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by
computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner …

Hydrogels from different materials can be used in biomedical field as an innovative
approach in regenerative medicine. Depending on the origin source, hydrogels can be …

Research pertaining to conductive polymers has gained significant traction in recent years,
and their applications range from optoelectronics to material science. For all intents and …

Natural bone is a mineralized biological material, which serves a supportive and protective
framework for the body, stores minerals for metabolism, and produces blood cells nourishing …

Normal wound healing is a dynamic and complex multiple phase process involving
coordinated interactions between growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and various cells …

The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

Despite considerable advances in microsurgical techniques over the past decades, bone
tissue remains a challenging arena to obtain a satisfying functional and structural restoration …

Large-scale membrane technology has been widely implemented and rapidly growing for
roughly 40 years. However, considering its entire life cycle, there are aspects being …