The surfaces of many bacteria are decorated with long, exquisitely thin appendages called
type IV pili (T4P), dynamic filaments that are rapidly polymerized and depolymerized from a …

Many Gram-negative bacteria use the sophisticated type II secretion system (T2SS) to
translocate a wide range of proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane. The …

SUMMARY Type IV pili (T4P) are multifunctional protein fibers produced on the surfaces of a
wide variety of bacteria and archaea. The major subunit of T4P is the type IV pilin, and …

Type II protein secretion systems (T2SS) are molecular machines that promote specific
transport of folded periplasmic proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, across a dedicated …

The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a multi‐protein complex used by many bacteria to
move substrates across their cell membrane. Substrates released into the environment …

The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of severe diarrheal disease
known as cholera. Of the more than 200 “O” serogroups of this pathogen, O1 and O139 …

Protein trafficking across the bacterial envelope is a process that contributes to the
organisation and integrity of the cell. It is the foundation for establishing contact and …

Secretins form megadalton bacterial-membrane channels in at least four sophisticated
multiprotein systems that are crucial for translocation of proteins and assembled fibers …

The type II secretion system (T2SS) delivers toxins and a range of hydrolytic enzymes,
including proteases, lipases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes, to the cell surface or …

Gram-negative bacteria have evolved several secretory pathways to release enzymes or
toxins into the surrounding environment or into the target cells. The type II secretion system …