Humans are infected with a variety of acute and chronic pathogens over the course of their
lives, and pathogen-driven selection has shaped the immune system of humans. The same …

Gammaherpesviruses are an important class of oncogenic pathogens that are exquisitely
evolved to their respective hosts. As such, the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr …

Advanced sequencing techniques have shown that bacteria are not the only complex and
important microbes in the human intestine. Nonbacterial organisms, particularly the virome …

Mammals are coinfected by multiple pathogens that interact through unknown mechanisms.
We found that helminth infection, characterized by the induction of the cytokine interleukin-4 …

Qing-Wen-Jie-Re mixture (QWJR) has been used in the treatment of the coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. However, the protective mechanisms of QWJR on viral …

Immunity to infectious diseases is predominantly studied by measuring immune responses
towards a single pathogen, although co-infections are common. In-depth mechanisms on …

Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) have coevolved with their host, leading to a remarkably high
infection prevalence and establishment of latency. The lifelong persistence of γHVs in hosts …

Infections with persistent or latent viruses alter host immune homeostasis and have potential
to affect the outcome of concomitant acute viral infections such as influenza A virus (IAV) …

Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes are essential to host defense against Toxoplasma gondii,
Listeria monocytogenes and other infections. During T. gondii infection impaired …

Analysis of pre-existing immunity and its effects on acute infection often focus on memory
responses associated with a prior infectious exposure. However, memory responses occur …