A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

INTRODUCTION Photoenzymes are rare biocatalysts driven by absorption of a photon at
each catalytic cycle; they inspire development of artificial photoenzymes with valuable …

Direct manipulation of the atomic lattice using intense long-wavelength laser pulses has
become a viable approach to create new states of matter in complex materials …

Chromophores absorb light in photosensitive proteins and thereby initiate fundamental
biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision and biofluorescence. An important goal …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump. The primary photochemical event
upon light absorption is isomerization of the retinal chromophore. Here we used time …

The X-ray Pump–Probe instrument achieves femtosecond time-resolution with hard X-ray
methods using a free-electron laser source. It covers a photon energy range of 4–24 keV. A …

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have the potential to revolutionize macromolecular
structural biology due to the unique combination of spatial coherence, extreme peak …

Serial femtosecond crystallography requires reliable and efficient delivery of fresh crystals
across the beam of an X-ray free-electron laser over the course of an experiment. We …

The LCLS beam provides revolutionary capabilities for studying the transient behavior of
matter in extreme conditions. The particular strength of the Matter in Extreme Conditions …