Importance Hypercalcemia affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Mild
hypercalcemia, defined as total calcium of less than 12 mg/dL (< 3 mmol/L) or ionized …

Key Clinical Points Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia complicates the
course of a variety of cancers when tumor factors overwhelm normal calcium and bone …

Abstract Calcium (Ca+ 2) is a divalent cation that plays a critical role in numerous body
functions such as skeletal mineralization, signal transduction, nerve conduction, muscle …

Onco-nephrology is an emerging field in medicine. Patients with cancer may suffer from
kidney diseases because of the cancer itself and cancer-related therapy. It is critical for …

The pattern of clinical behaviour and response to treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is heterogeneous. Treatment strategies that can …

Palliation of symptoms related to malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) is essential
and clinically meaningful for patients, given the continued poor prognosis, with high …

Parathyroid carcinoma is one of the least common endocrine malignancies, and accounts
for approximately 1% of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. A systematic review of …

Calcium is a central electrolyte involved in many physiological functions commonly
measured in clinical practice. Abnormal calcium levels are frequently found, and could have …

Purpose Although patients with incurable disease and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
performance status (ECOG-PS≥ 2) are underrepresented in clinical trials, they are …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of malignancy-related hypercalcemia. Review the
presentation of a patient with malignancy-related hypercalcemia. Outline the treatment and …