This review summarizes the present knowledge on the toxicity of copper and copper
nanoparticles (CuNPs) to various fish species. In previous decades, the excessive usage of …

During recent years, the biotic ligand model (BLM) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate
quantitatively the manner in which water chemistry affects the speciation and biological …

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a mechanistic approach that greatly improves our ability to
generate site-specific ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for metals in the natural …

Environmental context Natural organic matter exerts a powerful control on chemical
conditions in waters and soils, affecting pH and influencing the biological availability …

When looking for a book on fish toxicology, you might find one that discusses the
biochemical and molecular aspects, or one that focuses aquatic toxicology in general. You …

EPA recognized that metals present unique risk assessment issues, and saw the need to
develop a framework document that puts forth key scientific principles for metals risk …

Organisms are able to control metal concentrations in certain tissues of their body to
minimize damage of reactive forms of essential and nonessential metals and to control …

Environmental context The health of aquatic organisms depends on the distribution of the
dissolved forms of chemical components (speciation) and their rates of interaction …

Anthropogenic sources increase freshwater salinity and produce differences in constituent
ions compared with natural waters. Moreover, ions differ in physiological roles and …

Environmental Context. The chemical speciation of trace metals greatly influences their
biological effects. Nonetheless, no clear consensus currently exists as to when metal …