Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the
Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Short‑lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise and climate change becomes more
destructive, geoengineering has become a subject of serious consideration. By reflecting a …

Most scenarios on instruments limiting global warming in line with the 1.5° C temperature
limit of the Paris Agreement rely on overshooting the emissions threshold, thus requiring the …

The idea of modifying cirrus clouds to directly counteract greenhouse gas warming has
gained momentum in recent years, despite disputes over its physical feasibility. Previous …

Cirrus clouds are ubiquitous, long-lived, high-level ice clouds that exert a considerable
global radiative effect on the climate system. This review assesses recent observational and …

Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a backup plan to offset some aspects of
anthropogenic climate change if timely CO2 emission reductions fail to materialize …

Geoengineering has been proposed as a backup approach to rapidly cool the Earth and
avoid damages associated with anthropogenic climate change. In this study, we use the …

A tree-ring width chronology was developed from the Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) in
northern North China. To acquire a long-term perspective on the history of droughts in this …