* The AVMA Panel on Euthanasia develops the content of the guidelines, with support from
its working groups. The panel is required to do a comprehensive review and update of the …

The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Underwater adhesive proteins secreted by organisms greatly inspires the development of
underwater glue. However, except for specific proteins such as mussel adhesive protein …

Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research,
involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use of …

Rodents are the most widely used species for scientific purposes. A critical pre-requisite of
their use, based on utilitarian ethical reasoning, is the provision of a humane death when …

Simple Summary The ability to identify and assess pain is paramount in animal research to
address the 'refinement'principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), satisfy …

Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate the pain associated with six methods of
euthanasia: pentobarbital, CO2, decapitation, isoflurane, ketamine+ xylazine, and …

An effective and pain-free killing method is required to achieve the goal of euthanasia, a
“good death”. Overdose of sodium pentobarbital (PB) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection is a …

Refinement refers to the use of methods that help to minimise animal suffering in the
laboratory. Research in this area has increased significantly over the past two decades …

Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of sodium pentobarbital (PB) is an accepted method of
euthanasia for mice. However, this method has important drawbacks, including the potential …