Pain represents an unpleasant sensation linked to actual or potential tissue damage. In the
early phase, the sensation of pain is caused due to direct stimulation of the sensory nerve …

Simple Summary This review provides an inventory of numerous plant species used as
traditional remedies for pain and diarrhea in Africa. Africa can emulate advances in …

Background Made as a tea, the Thai traditional drug “kratom” reportedly possesses
pharmacological actions that include both a coca-like stimulant effect and opium-like …

Introduction: Neuropathic pain is a costly and disabling condition, which affects up to 8% of
the population. Available therapies often provide incomplete pain relief and treatment …

Background Diabetic neuropathy is the most prevalent, persistent and debilitating
complication of diabetes mellitus often coupled with vulvodynia that may present as an …

Opioid analgesics have been used for thousands of years in the treatment of pain and
related disorders, and have become among the most widely prescribed medications. Among …

Background and Purpose A new imidazoline I 2 receptor ligand, CR 4056, is effective for
chronic inflammatory pain and diabetic neuropathy. However, it is unclear whether other I 2 …

More than 30 different Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) have been identified in
mammals and are grouped in 6 families. Members of these subunit families, specifically of …

Abstract Fufang Danshen (FFDS), a Chinese medicine formula widely used in the clinic, has
proven therapeutic effects on pain relief. However, the mechanisms of these effects have not …

Pain is a private experience that involves both sensory and emotional components. Animal
studies of pain can only be inferred by their responses, and therefore the measurement of …