Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal
system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation …

The oral cavity is the habitat of several hundreds of microbial taxa that have evolved to
coexist in multispecies communities in this unique ecosystem. By contrast, the internal tissue …

Microbiota are found in highly organized and complex entities, known as biofilms, the
characteristics of which are fundamentally different from microbes in planktonic …

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of different final irrigation
activation methods in removing debris and smear layer in the apical, middle, and coronal …

Neelakantan P, Subbarao C, Subbarao CV, De‐Deus G, Zehnder M. The impact of root
dentine conditioning on sealing ability and push‐out bond strength of an epoxy resin root …

Aim To investigate the impact of three irrigation protocols, activated by three different
methods, on mature biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Methodology Root canals in …

Bacteria have long been recognized as the primary etiological factor in the development of
pulp and periapical lesions. Successful root canal therapy depends on thorough …

Objective: Irrigant activation has been claimed to be beneficial in in vitro and clinical studies.
This systematic review aims to investigate the clinical efficiency of mechanically activated …

Aims To establish whether irrigant activation techniques (IAT s) result in greater intracanal
smear layer and debris removal than conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Methodology Six …

Background Ex vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of some
irrigation protocols in reducing the bacterial load in the root canal system. However …