Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most prevalent growth factor in the central
nervous system (CNS). It is essential for the development of the CNS and for neuronal …

Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In
utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and …

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and
neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

Opioid use disorder is classified as a chronic recurrent disease of the central nervous
system (CNS) which leads to personality disorders, co-morbidities and premature death. It …

The opioids are commonly used to treat acute and severe pain. Long-term opioid
administration eventually reaches a dose ceiling that is attributable to the rapid onset of …

The advance in our understanding of the biogenesis of various endogenous opioid
peptides, their anatomical distribution, and the characteristics of the multiple receptors with …

This review gives a historical perspective, summarizing approximately 25 years of research
on opioids. The “typical” opioid peptides produced in the brain,“atypical” opioids encrypted …

BACKGROUND: The actions of endogenous opioid peptides are mediated by 3 main
classes of opioid receptors; mu (MOR), kappa (KOR), and delta (DOR). METHODS: We …

During the last two decades a variety of food protein fragments has been demonstrated to
elicit biological effects in various in vitro or in vivo test systems. A considerable part of these …