Severe Convective Storms across Europe and the United States. Part II: ERA5
Environments Associated with Lightning, Large Hail, Severe Wind, and Tornadoes in …

In this study we compared 3.7 million rawinsonde observations from 232 stations over
Europe and North America with proximal vertical profiles from ERA5 and MERRA-2 to …

Long-term trends in the historical frequency of environments supportive of atmospheric
convection are unclear, and only partially follow the expectations of a warming climate. This …

We have developed additive logistic models for the occurrence of lightning, large hail (≥ 2
cm), and very large hail (≥ 5 cm) to investigate the evolution of these hazards in the past, in …

Lasting updrafts are necessary to produce severe hail; conventional wisdom suggests that
extremely large hailstones require updrafts of commensurate strength. Because updraft …

Previous studies have identified environmental characteristics that skillfully discriminate
between severe and significant-severe weather events, but they have largely been limited …

Severe local storm (SLS) activity is known to occur within specific thermodynamic and
kinematic environments. These environments are commonly associated with key synoptic …

In this work, long-term trends in convective parameters are compared between ERA5,
MERRA-2, and observed rawinsonde profiles over Europe and the United States including …

Severe storms produce hazardous weather phenomena, such as large hail, damaging
winds, and tornadoes. However, relationships between convective parameters and …

Assessments of spatiotemporal severe hailfall characteristics using hail reports are plagued
by serious limitations in report databases, including biases in reported sizes, occurrence …