Major ecological realignments are already occurring in response to climate change. To be
successful, conservation strategies now need to account for geographical patterns in traits …

Hatchery-reared aquatic animals tend to perform worse in natural environments than wild
conspecifics. This was pointed out over a century ago and while there are many possible …

Several studies have demonstrated lower fitness of salmonids born and reared in a hatchery
setting compared to those born in nature, yet broad-scale genome-wide genetic differences …

Structural environmental enrichment, that is, a deliberate addition of physical complexity to
the rearing environment, is sometimes utilized to reduce the expression of the undesirable …

Wild stocks of Pacific salmonids have experienced sharp declines in abundance over the
past century. Consequently, billions of fish are released each year for enhancing abundance …

Hatcheries are vital to many salmon fisheries, with inherent risks and rewards. While
hatcheries can increase the returns of adult fish, the demographic and evolutionary …

Low survival of stocked fish has been associated with fitness declines of the captive reared
fishes because of genetic domestication and unnatural rearing environments. The effects of …

Human activities induce direct or indirect selection pressure on natural population and may
ultimately affect population's integrity. While numerous conservation programs aimed to …

After release to the wild, captive reared salmon have shown lower foraging rates on natural
prey and impaired ability to avoid natural predators and thus lower survival compared with …

Environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, and toxicants can influence epigenetic
programming and phenotypes of a wide variety of species from plants to humans. The …