Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorder. The
pathogenesis of IBD is not yet clear. Studies have shown that the imbalance between T …

Fibrosis, or tissue scarring, develops as a pathological deviation from the physiological
wound healing response and can occur in various organs such as the heart, lung, liver …

Abstract IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Targeting the effector cytokines IL-17 and …

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the
naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial …

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis is a severe clinical
syndrome related to the host response to infection. The severity of infections is due to an …

Lymphoid cells that produce interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines protect barrier tissues from
pathogenic microbes but are also prominent effectors of inflammation and autoimmune …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Following the discovery of T helper 17 (TH17) cells, the past decade has witnessed a major
revision of the TH subset paradigm and substantial progress has been made in deciphering …