Since the ratio of the second-to-fourth finger length was first proposed as a marker for
prenatal androgen action in 1998, over 100 studies have been published that have either …

We meta-analyzed the literature on the relationship between the length ratio of the second to
the fourth digit (2D: 4D), a putative negative correlate of prenatal testosterone (T) levels in …

Objectives: Our aims are, first, to describe the sex difference in the length ratio of the second
and fourth digits (2D: 4D), which likely reflects prenatal testosterone levels in humans …

This text offers a unique developmental focus on gender. Gender development is examined
from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive …

Abstract Digit ratio (2D: 4D) may be a correlate of prenatal sex steroids, and has been linked
to traits, which are influenced by fetal testosterone and estrogen. Here we consider such …

We provide an in-depth review of the role of androgens in male maturation and
development, from the fetal stage through adolescence into emerging adulthood, and …

There are well-known sex differences in the epidemiology and etiopathology of alcohol
dependence. Male gender is a crucial risk factor for the onset of alcohol addiction. A directly …

Males tend to be more aggressive than females and the organizational effects of prenatal
testosterone (T) appear to contribute to this sex difference. Low second-to-fourth digit ratio …

The ratio of length between the second and fourth fingers (2D: 4D) is commonly used as an
indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Several approaches have been used to try to …

The relative lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D: 4D) may provide an easily measurable
and stable anthropometric index of prenatal androgen exposure, but no study has examined …