Increasing evidence indicates that viruses do not simply propagate as independent virions
among cells, organs, and hosts. Instead, viral spread is often mediated by structures that …

Natural selection acts on cellular organisms by ensuring the genes responsible for an
advantageous phenotype consistently reap the phenotypic advantage. This is possible …

Genome editing technology is important for plant science and crop breeding. Genome-
edited plants prepared using general CRISPR-Cas9 methods usually contain foreign DNA …

The way in which a viral infection spreads within a host is a complex process that is not well
understood. Different viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C …

Plant positive-strand (+) RNA viruses are intracellular infectious agents that reorganize
subcellular membranes and rewire the cellular metabolism of host cells to achieve viral …

Plant viruses face an array of host defenses. Well-studied responses that protect against
viruses include effector-triggered immunity, induced resistance (such as systemic acquired …

The spread of viral pathogens both between and within hosts is inherently a spatial process.
While the spatial aspects of viral spread at the epidemiological level have been increasingly …

The conversion of bacterial CRISPR/Cas defense system into a simple and efficient tool for
genome manipulations brought experimental biology into new dimensions. Suddenly …

A critical step in the life cycle of a virus is spread to a new target cell, which generally
involves the release of new viral particles from the infected cell which can then initiate …

Mosaic diseases caused by tobamoviruses have posed significant threats to tomato
production. In this review, we overview studies of tomato mosaic diseases published over …