Until now, three types of well‐recognized cancer treatments have been developed, ie,
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer …

Therapeutic vaccines represent a viable option for active immunotherapy of cancers that aim
to treat late stage disease by using a patient's own immune system. The promising results …

Current vaccine and immunotherapy technology faces ongoing challenges in both efficacy
and practicality: many chronic diseases cannot yet be addressed by vaccination, and …

Nanotechnology has virtually exploded in the last few years with seemingly limitless
opportunity across all segments of our society. If gene and RNA therapy are to ever realize …

Particulate delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nano-and microparticles are
attracting great interest for developing new vaccines. Materials and formulation properties …

Considerable success has been made with many peptide antigen formulations, and peptide-
based vaccines are emerging as the next generation of prophylactic and remedial …

Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole
microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit …

Nucleic acid immunisation is achieved by delivering a self-replicating RNA encapsulated
within a small particle. The RNA encodes an immunogen of interest, and the particle may …

The nascent field of biomimetic delivery with micro‐and nanoparticles (MNP) has advanced
considerably in recent years. Drawing inspiration from the ways that cells communicate in …

Several viral and non-viral vectors have been developed for exogenous protein expression
in specific cells. Conventionally, this purpose is achieved through the use of recombinant …