Interactions connect the units of ecological systems, forming networks. Individual-based
networks characterize variation in niches among individuals within populations. These …

All mutualistic plant–animal interactions are mediated by costs and benefits in relationships
where resources (from plants) are exchanged by services (from animals). The most common …

Many studies assume that all ant species collecting extrafloral nectar defend plants against
herbivores, although ant–plant interactions are facultative, generalized and have variable …

Trying to unravel Darwin's entangled bank further, we describe the architecture of a network
involving multiple forms of mutualism (pollination by animals, seed dispersal by birds and …

Despite the importance and increasing knowledge of ecological networks, sampling effort
and intrapopulation variation has been widely overlooked. Using continuous daily sampling …

Ants often interact aggressively for resources (eg nest sites and food) with members of their
own or another species. In these competitive interactions, dominant ant species exert a …

Background. Ecological communities are dynamic collections whose composition and
structure change over time, making up complex interspecific interaction networks. Mutualistic …

During the last decades, urbanization has been highlighted as one of the main causes of
biodiversity loss worldwide. Among organisms commonly associated with urban …

Associational resistance (AR) is a positive interaction in which a plant suffers less herbivore
damage due to its association with a protective plant. Here, we evaluated whether plants …

Despite the increasing number of studies dealing with interaction networks in the last few
years, there is still a lack of knowledge about how their structural organization are affected …