After spinal cord injury, macrophages can exert either beneficial or detrimental effects
depending on their phenotype. Aside from their critical role in inflammatory responses …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by
massive infiltration of immune cells, demyelination, and axonal loss. Active MS lesions …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation induces recovery in animal models of central
nervous system (CNS) diseases. Although the replacement of lost endogenous cells was …

Microglia are increasingly implicated in brain pathology, particularly neurodegenerative
disease, with many genes implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease …

Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M) is a promising immunotherapy strategy of
anti-tumor due to its high infiltration, direct phagocytosis of tumor cells, immunomodulation of …

Carbon nanodots with opposite chirality possess the same major physicochemical
properties such as optical features, hydrodynamic diameter, and colloidal stability. Here, a …

GPR84 is a member of the metabolic G protein-coupled receptor family, and its expression
has been described predominantly in immune cells. GPR84 activation is involved in the …

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been designed to treat various diseases.
However, many problems remain, such as inadequate tumor targeting and poor therapeutic …

Neuroinflammation is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. It fosters a
dysfunctional neuron–microglia–astrocyte crosstalk that, in turn, maintains microglial cells in …