This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states
as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy …

Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the
orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. However, orexin …

The orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides (orexin A and B or
hypocretin 1 and 2) produced by a few thousand neurons located in the lateral …

Orexins are a family of neuropeptides that regulate sleep/wakefulness, acting on two G-
protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R). Genetic and …

Narcolepsy is a life-long, underrecognized sleep disorder that affects 0.02%–0.18% of the
US and Western European populations. Genetic predisposition is suspected because of …

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic orphan disorder, caused by the selective and
irreversible loss of hypocretin/orexin (ORX) neurons, by a probable autoimmune process …

Narcolepsy is a common cause of chronic sleepiness and is often accompanied by
symptoms that include odd mixtures of sleep and wakefulness. A patient of ours is an …

Survival depends on an organism's ability to sense nutrient status and accordingly regulate
intake and energy expenditure behaviors. Uncoupling of energy sensing and behavior …

Orexins A and B (hypocretins 1 and 2) and their two receptors (OX 1 R and OX 2 R) were
discovered in 1998 by two different groups. Orexin A and B are derived from the differential …