Hydraulic fracturing is an efficient stimulation means for the exploitation of unconventional
oil/gas resources as well as geothermal energy. However, there are several issues for …

Technical and environmental concerns, besides water conservation in remote areas, are
associated with the utilization of conventional water, oil, and polymer based fracturing …

Shale reservoirs can be stimulated by injecting cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen (LN
2) to initiate and propagate fractures and to connect existing natural fracture networks. This …

Unconventional reservoirs have ultra-low permeability, and the combination of horizontal
wells and multistage transverse hydraulic fracturing have unlocked economical hydrocarbon …

Despite containing massive volumes of hydrocarbons, unconventional reservoirs have low
recovery factors,< 10% in oil reservoirs. Production from such ultra-low-permeable …

Exposure to cryogenic liquids can significantly impact the petrophysical properties of rock,
affecting its density, porosity, permeability, and elastic properties. These effects can have …

The ultra-low permeability of shale reservoirs limits shale gas production. Liquid nitrogen
(LN 2) fracturing is a promising reservoir stimulation technology that has attracted …

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing is a potential stimulation method in unconventional
hydrocarbon recovery, showing its merits in being water free, creating low formation damage …

The technique of cryogenic treatments requires injecting extremely cold fluids such as liquid
nitrogen (LN2) into formations to create fractures in addition to connecting pre-existing …

Several issues are associated with the water-based hydraulic fracturing operations, such as
significant amount of water consumptions and formation damage in water-sensitive …