Background The pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of a productivity crisis and rates of
translation from bench to bedside are dismal. Patients are being let down by the current …

The validity of widely used rodent behavioural tests of anxiety has been questioned, as they
often fail to produce consistent results across independent replicate studies. In this study, we …

Abstract In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-
OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a …

Tumor-bearing experimental animals are essential for preclinical cancer drug development.
A broad range of tumor models is available, with the simplest and most widely used …

The scientific community is increasingly concerned with the proportion of published
“discoveries” that are not replicated in subsequent studies. The field of rodent behavioral …

In light of the hotly discussed 'reproducibility crisis', a rethinking of current methodologies
appears essential. Implementing multi-laboratory designs has been shown to enhance the …

FIGURE 1| Refined procedure for harm-benefit-analysis (HBA) in animal research. Whereas
3Rs methods minimize the weight of harms to the animals on the HBA balance, methods to …

The 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in science has been
gaining widespread support in the international research community and appears in …

The purpose of preclinical research is to inform the development of novel diagnostics or
therapeutics, and the results of experiments on animal models of disease often inform the …

Using animals for research raises ethical concerns that are addressed in project evaluation
by weighing expected harm to animals against expected benefit to society. A harm–benefit …