Highlights•The biofilm formation process and its microenvironmental characteristics are
described.•Biofilm microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for anti-infection are …

Smart biomaterials can sense and react to physiological or external environmental stimuli
(eg, mechanical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic signals). The last decades have seen …

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common postoperative occurrences due to contamination
of the surgical wound or implanted medical devices with community or hospital-acquired …

Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria are a major public health problem due to their
increasing resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species' resistance …

Persistent bacteria, such as intracellular and biofilm bacteria, are critical challenges in clinic
treatment because they are refractory to antibiotics management under the shelter of …

Despite advanced implant sterilization and aseptic surgical techniques, implant-associated
infection remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeries. The subject of bacterial …

The development of resistance of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics is a major
global health concern; hence, there is an increasing interest in medicinal plants as a …

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is recognized as a pathogenic factor related to gastrointestinal
diseases and gastric cancer. The theranostics of H. pylori infection is confronted with …

Nanotechnology brings hope for targeted drug delivery. However, most current drug delivery
systems used passive delivery strategies with limited therapeutic efficiency. Over the past …

The biofilm resistance of microorganisms has severe economic and environmental
implications, especially the contamination of facilities associated with human life, including …