Crowding, generally defined as the deleterious influence of nearby contours on visual
discrimination, is ubiquitous in spatial vision. Crowding impairs the ability to recognize …

It is now emerging that vision is usually limited by object spacing rather than size. The visual
system recognizes an object by detecting and then combining its features.'Crowding'occurs …

Abstract Zipf's Law of Abbreviation–the idea that more frequent symbols in a code are
simpler than less frequent ones–has been shown to hold at the level of words in many …

Contrast sensitivity defines the threshold between the visible and invisible, which has
obvious significance for basic and clinical vision science. Fechner's 1860 review reported …

In this paper, we survey current evidence on cognitive precursors of reading in different
orthographies by reviewing studies with a cross-linguistic research design. Graphic symbol …

Recent increased usage of stereo displays has been accompanied by public concern about
potential adverse effects associated with prolonged viewing of stereo imagery. There are …

Visual word identification requires readers to code the identity and order of the letters in a
word and match this code against previously learned codes. Current models of this lexical …

Most current theories of reading and dyslexia derive from a relatively narrow empirical base:
research on English and a handful of other European alphabets. Furthermore, the two …

A writing system is a graphic code, ie, a system of standardized pairings between symbols
and meanings in which symbols take the form of images that can endure. The visual …

Bouma's law of crowding predicts an uncrowded central window through which we can read
and a crowded periphery through which we cannot. The old discovery that readers make …