Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective
pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the …

Summary Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a central regulator for detecting and adapting to
cellular oxygen levels, transcriptionally activates genes modulating oxygen homeostasis …

Background AKT, also known as protein kinase B, is a key element of the PI3K/AKT
signaling pathway. Moreover, AKT regulates the hallmarks of cancer, eg tumor growth …

Activated macrophages are described as classically activated or M1 type and alternatively
activated or M2 type, depending on their response to proinflammatory stimuli and the …

Hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, is a unique environmental stress that induces global
changes in a complex regulatory network of transcription factors and signaling proteins to …

Accumulation of IL-17–producing Th17 cells is associated with the development of multiple
autoimmune diseases; however, the contribution of microRNA (miRNA) pathways to the …

Pancreatic tumors are highly desmoplastic and poorly‐vascularized, and therefore must
develop adaptive mechanisms to sustain their survival under hypoxic condition. Extracellular …

Background Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. The neoplastic transformation
of normal cells to cancer cells is caused by a progressive accumulation of genetic and …

Background—Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is driven by diverse pathogenic etiologies.
Owing to their pleiotropic actions, microRNA molecules are potential candidates for …

It is now largely admitted that a pro‐inflammatory environment may curtail anti‐tumor
immunity and favor cancer initiation and progression. The discovery that small non‐coding …